What Is the Anti-Inflammatory Diet?

The anti-inflammatory diet is based on a pretty sound and simple claim: Chronic inflammation leads to chronic disease, and reducing inflammation in the body can prevent disease as well as promote overall health. While it's not designed for weight loss, it's certainly possible to lose weight on when following this eating plan.

An anti-inflammatory diet aims to promote optimal functioning of both brain and body. Research has shown that an anti-inflammatory diet can help prevent heart disease, many types of cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, allergies, diabetes, gastrointestinal issues, stroke, heart disease, and arthritis.

Background

Inflammation is your body’s way of protecting itself against injury and disease. Acute inflammation is important and healthy—it is what happens when you scrape your knee or sprain an ankle. You’re probably familiar with the redness, swelling, and warmth that come along with those minor injuries.

Chronic inflammation, however, is not good for the body. Chronic inflammation can lead to many different diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Originally developed by Andrew Weil, MD, the anti-inflammatory diet is not a diet in the popular sense of the term. Rather, it is a recommendation for a long-term eating pattern to achieve and sustain a high level of health (and perhaps, weight loss, although that is not the primary goal).

Along with reducing inflammation, the anti-inflammatory diet promotes consumption of vitamins, minerals, fiber, essential fatty acids, and phytonutrients. It’s based loosely on the Mediterranean diet, with some purposeful additions, like green and black teas.

Dr. Weil, a pioneer in the field of integrative medicine, developed and began promoting the diet as a practical eating guide that anyone can follow. The anti-inflammatory diet isn’t aimed at any specific group of people, but it can be particularly healthy for people with arthritis, allergies, digestive disorders, and other health complications that arise from chronic inflammation.

How It Works

Many versions of the anti-inflammatory diet exist, but the premise is always the same: Emphasize a high intake of vegetables, fruits, nuts, seeds, healthy oils, and fish.

What to Eat

Compliant Foods

• Vegetables: It’s no secret that vegetables are a key part of a healthy diet. In fact, greens and veggies should make up the bulk of your food consumption on the anti-inflammatory diet. Dr. Weil recommends four to five servings a day at a minimum.
• Fruits: You should aim for three to four servings of fruit each day. Fruit is an important source of vitamins and phytonutrients.
• Grains: Whole or cracked grains are a great source of fiber and many vitamins. You should try to include grains at least three times per day on the anti-inflammatory diet.
• Beans and legumes: Eat beans or legumes at least once a day to add protein, fiber, and vitamins to your diet.
• Healthy fats: Sources of fat such as avocados, olive oil, nuts, and seeds are high in omega-3s, not to mention other vitamins and phytonutrients that may help reduce inflammation. Eat five to seven servings per day on the anti-inflammatory diet.
• Fish and seafood: Fish and seafood are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids and protein.
• Soy: Whole soy foods, such as soy milk and tofu, replace some animal protein in the anti-inflammatory diet. You should try to use soy foods for protein when you can.
• Eggs: When you can, choose pasture-raised enriched eggs, which have been shown to have higher levels of vitamin D than conventionally raised chickens. Eating two to three eggs per day is associated with improved function of high-density lipoproteins, an indicator of good heart health.
• Skinless poultry and lean meats: You can include lean sources of animal protein, including dairy products, once or twice a week on the anti-inflammatory diet. Look for lean cuts like tenderloin for pork and breasts for chicken. If you eat ground meat, make sure it’s at least 90% lean.
• Herbs, spices, and herbal teas: Add more garlic, turmeric, ginger, and cinnamon to your food, all of which have been shown to reduce inflammation.
• Red wine and dark chocolate: Red wine is high in polyphenols, particularly resveratrol, which is full of antioxidants. Chocolate that is 70% cacao or more is a good source of a variety of antioxidants. Both of these items are acceptable in moderation with this diet.

Non-Compliant Foods

• Mixed vegetable oils: Mixed vegetable oils and some other oils, such as safflower, sunflower, and corn oils, are very high in omega-6 fatty acids. While we do need some omega-6s, consuming too many has been associated with inflammation due to their interactions with omega-3s.
• Margarine and shortening: Margarine, shortening, and other foods made with partially hydrogenated oils are generally bad for your health. From an anti-inflammatory lens, these foods contain artificial trans fats, which have been shown to cause inflammation and increase disease risk.
• Processed meats: Fatty meats and processed meats (like hot dogs and bologna) have been shown to contribute to inflammation. Try to avoid processed meats and stick to poultry or lean cuts of pork.
• Refined sugars: These ingredients—found in cookies, cakes, candy, and other desserts, as well as many less obvious foods—have been shown to increase inflammation. Be sure to check the ingredients label.
• Wheat and white flour: Even though wheat flour contains more of the grain than white flour, it has a similar glycemic index. Try to eat grains like rice, oats, and bulgur wheat, which are preferable to wheat flours.
• Packaged snack foods: Your favorite chips aren’t on the anti-inflammatory list. Not only do packaged foods often have a high glycemic index, they often contain harmful ingredients like hydrogenated oils as well. However, manufacturers are working to minimize the use of hydrogenated oils. Read food labels if you decide to purchase these products.
• Caffeine: Caffeine in moderation is okay. Try to drink tea over coffee when possible, and steer clear of energy drinks.

Recommended Timing

The anti-inflammatory diet doesn’t prescribe a specific eating routine. Instead, it just recommends that you eat four to six times each day, and try to include carbohydrates, protein, and fat with every meal or snack.

For example, instead of just having a banana for breakfast, eat a banana and a couple of eggs or some yogurt. Instead of toast with butter, try oatmeal with almond butter or another nut butter (to add protein).

Resources and Tips

Dr. Weil’s Anti-Inflammatory Food Pyramid is a handy resource when you need to check how much of a food you should eat. You will also find many anti-inflammatory recipes online.

The easiest way to successfully follow the anti-inflammatory diet is to focus on whole, natural foods and avoid processed sugary ones. With this focus, you’ll naturally choose anti-inflammatory foods over inflammatory foods. Keeping close track of macronutrient ratios is less important than food choices.

Modifications

Overall, the anti-inflammatory diet is extremely well-rounded and nutrient-dense. Most people won’t need to modify the diet in any way unless they are allergic to some of the emphasized foods.

If you’re sensitive to gluten or have celiac disease, you won’t be able to consume the recommended amount of grains on the anti-inflammatory diet. If this is the case, try upping your intake of beans, legumes, and starchy vegetables like potatoes in place of grains. This will ensure you still consume enough carbohydrates and fiber. There are also gluten-free grains to try.

The anti-inflammatory diet emphasizes healthy sources of fat and protein, including fish, seafood, eggs, nuts, and seeds, as well as soy foods for protein. All of these can be common allergens. If you are allergic to one source or another, try eating more of another source. You can experiment until you find a ratio of healthy fat sources that works for you.

Dairy products aren't particularly emphasized on the anti-inflammatory diet. If you have a dairy allergy, you can still follow the diet while avoiding dairy.

Pros and Cons

Pros

Reduces Inflammation

All of the foods on the anti-inflammatory diet have been shown to help with chronic inflammation and disease risk in some way. Each of the recommended food groups has a substance, such as resveratrol and antioxidants, that helps reduce inflammation.

Promotes Healthy Eating

Each food on the anti-inflammatory diet contains vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients. Overall, the diet promotes a good balance between carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and encourages you to include colorful produce, especially berries, tomatoes, orange and yellow fruits, cruciferous veggies, and dark leafy greens. 

Not Restrictive

The anti-inflammatory diet is easy to follow. There are no strict meal plans or calorie-counting. You’re free to modify the diet to best suit your needs, as long as you stick to the anti-inflammatory food pyramid. You can be creative with meals on the anti-inflammatory diet because it includes so many food groups. Eating out and drinking alcohol are also permitted on the anti-inflammatory diet.

Abundance of Recipes

Since the anti-inflammatory diet is so popular, thousands of compliant recipes already exist. There is no need to start from scratch.

Overall, the anti-inflammatory diet promotes a healthy eating pattern that will ensure you consume adequate levels of macronutrients, micronutrients, fiber, and antioxidants. But while the diet is well-rounded and nutritious, there are a few drawbacks to be aware of.

Cons

Contains Allergens

The anti-inflammatory diet emphasizes many foods that are common allergens. Those include nuts, seeds, fish and shellfish, soy, and grains, which are all critical components of the anti-inflammatory diet. Some people with allergies or food sensitivities may find it difficult to follow the anti-inflammatory diet, especially if they are sensitive to more than one food group.

Costly

The anti-inflammatory diet can be expensive because of its emphasis on food quality. This is usually a good thing, as higher-quality food potentially contains some higher nutrient density than its lower-quality counterparts. However, purchasing food that is organic, grass-fed, free-range, or otherwise higher quality can quickly become pricey.

Can Be Complicated

The anti-inflammatory diet can be overwhelming because of the sheer amount of foods and recipes. Dr. Weil recommends avoiding certain fruits and vegetables unless they are organic; since there isn't research to back up this claim, just include fruits and veggies wherever you can.

How It Compares

USDA Recommendations

The federal dietary recommendations include five food groups: fruit, vegetables, grains, dairy, and protein. The key recommendations in the federal guidelines include:

• A variety of vegetables from all of the subgroups—dark green, red and orange, legumes (beans and peas), starchy, and other
• Fruits, especially whole fruits
• Grains, at least half of which are whole grains
• Fat-free or low-fat dairy, including milk, yogurt, cheese, and/or fortified soy beverages
• A variety of protein foods, including seafood, lean meats and poultry, eggs, legumes (beans and peas), and nuts, seeds, and soy products
• Oils
• Limited saturated fats, trans fats, added sugars and sodium

The anti-inflammatory diet guidelines mesh very well with the federal dietary recommendations. Both emphasize whole fruits and vegetables, whole grains, a variety of protein sources, nuts and seeds, and oils. Additionally, both the anti-inflammatory diet and the federal recommendations limit saturated and trans fats and added sugars.

Some key differences between the two include:

• The anti-inflammatory diet doesn’t mention sodium intake.
• The federal recommendations emphasize dairy foods, while the anti-inflammatory diet encourages only occasional consumption of dairy. (Limiting consumption of dairy may lead to inadequate intake of vitamin D and calcium.)
• The federal recommendations suggest making half of grains whole, while the anti-inflammatory diet discourages consumption of any grains that are not whole.

It’s important to know how many calories you should be consuming each day in order to reach your weight goals, whether your goal is to lose, maintain, or gain weight.

Most people need around 2,000 calories per day. Smaller-framed women and children may need less; men and very active people may need more. The anti-inflammatory diet generally recommends 2,000 to 3,000 calories per day, but notes that calorie needs are extremely individual. Age, height, weight and activity level all play a role in your caloric needs.

Similar Diets

Here's how other diets compare:

Mediterranean Diet

The anti-inflammatory diet is based on the Mediterranean diet, so it’s no surprise that the two are very similar. Just like there isn’t a single way to eat on the anti-inflammatory diet, the same is true for the Mediterranean diet. Both diets emphasize fruits, vegetables, whole grains, healthy fats, and herbs. The Mediterranean diet has been associated with a decreased risk of heart disease, and it's also been shown to reduce blood pressure and bad LDL cholesterol.

Neither diet is restrictive, and both provide adequate intakes of all essential nutrients. But just like the anti-inflammatory diet, the Mediterranean diet can also be expensive and require a lot of home cooking, which can present challenges for some people.

DASH Diet

The DASH diet—or Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension—is another healthful eating pattern that emphasizes fresh produce, lean protein, and whole grains. The original intention of the DASH diet research was to develop a diet that could treat high blood pressure for the long term. The DASH diet largely focuses on salt intake, because sodium is one of the main culprits behind hypertension.

The main difference between the DASH diet and the anti-inflammatory diet is this focus on reducing salt consumption. Both diets are relatively easy to follow and unrestrictive, but can be expensive due to the costs of fresh fruit and vegetables (versus the costs of most packaged foods).

Mayo Clinic Diet

The Mayo Clinic Diet also emphasizes fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, but it also focuses on weight loss, whereas the anti-inflammatory diet treats weight loss as a secondary benefit. The Mayo Clinic diet suggests that followers can lose an average of six to 10 pounds in the first two weeks (which have more restrictions), and then continue losing one to two pounds per week after that.

The Mayo Clinic diet may be better than the anti-inflammatory diet for those who want to lose weight and work on developing healthier habits. But the anti-inflammatory diet is better for those who want a nutritious eating plan they can stick to for a long time.

A Word From Verywell

The anti-inflammatory diet is a great place to start if you’re looking to increase the nutritional quality of your current eating habits. It’s not restrictive and it allows you to experiment with a wide variety of flavorful foods.

While diet is important, be sure to be mindful of other areas in your life that may need attention, such as sleep, exercise, and relationships. All of these things come together to create a healthy lifestyle that will last forever.